Alanine



Standard codons for A : GCA GCC GCG GCT

Substitution preferences:
All protein types:
Favoured Ser ( 1)
Neutral Val ( 0) Cys ( 0) Thr ( 0) Gly ( 0)
Disfavoured Glu (-1) Ile (-1) Lys (-1) Met (-1) Leu (-1) Pro (-1) Gln (-1) Arg (-1)
Asn (-2) His (-2) Phe (-2) Asp (-2) Tyr (-2) Trp (-3)

Intracellular proteins:
Favoured
Neutral Cys ( 0) Thr ( 0) Glu ( 0) Val ( 0) Gly ( 0) Ile ( 0) Lys ( 0) Met ( 0)
Leu ( 0) Pro ( 0) Gln ( 0) Arg ( 0) Ser ( 0)
Disfavoured Asp (-1) Phe (-1) His (-1) Asn (-1) Tyr (-1) Trp (-2)

Extracellular proteins:
Favoured
Neutral Arg ( 0) Ser ( 0) Thr ( 0) Glu ( 0) Val ( 0) Gly ( 0) His ( 0) Ile ( 0)
Lys ( 0) Met ( 0) Leu ( 0) Asn ( 0) Pro ( 0) Gln ( 0)
Disfavoured Phe (-1) Tyr (-1) Asp (-1) Trp (-2) Cys (-4)

Membrane proteins:
Favoured Ser ( 2) Gly ( 1) Thr ( 1)
Neutral Val ( 0) Pro ( 0) Ile ( 0) Cys ( 0) Asp ( 0) Glu ( 0)
Disfavoured Asn (-1) Arg (-1) Met (-1) Phe (-2) Lys (-2) Leu (-2) Gln (-2) Tyr (-3)
His (-3) Trp (-4)


Substitutions: As can be seen above, Alanine generally prefers to substitute with other small amino acids.

Role in structure: Alanine is arguably the most boring amino acid. It is not particularly hydrophobic and is non-polar. However, it contains a normal C-beta carbon, meaning that it is generally as hindered as other amino acids with respect to the conforomations that the backbone can adopt. For this reason, it is not surprising to see Alanine present in just about all non-critical protein contexts.

Role in function: The Alanine side chain is very non-reactive, and is thus rarely directly involved in protein function. However it can play a role in substrate recognition or specificity, particularly in interactions with other non-reactive atoms such as carbon.


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Please cite: M.J. Betts, R.B. Russell. Amino acid properties and consequences of subsitutions.
In Bioinformatics for Geneticists, M.R. Barnes, I.C. Gray eds, Wiley, 2003.
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